Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v3 - Senior Secondary 2
Wood work machine
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Wood work machine
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Subject: Machine Woodworking
Class: Senior Secondary 2
Term: 1st Term
Week: 9
Theme: Woodwork Machine And Machining
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Identify parts of selected woodwork machines. State the uses of machines parts. Clean and lubricate the machines and the ir parts appropriately.
blade life.
4. Clean Machine Surfaces: Wipe down tables, fences, and painted surfaces with a cloth dampened with a mild cleaner or solvent (e.g., mineral spirits for resin). Ensure cast iron tables are dried immediately after cleaning to prevent rust.
5. Clean Internal Components (if accessible): For machines like band saws, open the wheel covers and clean accumulated sawdust from inside the cabinet. Use a vacuum or brush.
6. Reassemble and Inspect: Ensure all covers, guards, and blades are correctly reinstalled. Inspect for any damage or worn parts.
2. Lubrication Purpose: Reduces friction between moving parts, prevents wear, protects against rust and corrosion, and ensures smooth operation of mechanisms.
Types of Lubricants: Machine Oil (Light machine oil or 3-in-1 oil): Used for light-duty moving parts, pivot points, small gears, and threaded rods.
Grease: Used for heavier-duty bearings, gears, and parts subject to higher loads or requiring longer-lasting lubrication. Often applied via grease gun. Dry Lubricants (e.g., silicone spray, graphite powder): Used on surfaces where wet lubricants might attract dust (e.g., sliding tables, fences) or where a clean finish is desired. Also suitable for cast iron tables to reduce friction and prevent rust.
Procedure (General Steps):
1. DISCONNECT POWER: As with cleaning, always unplug or turn off the machine.
2. Identify Lubrication Points: Refer to the machine's manual (if available) or identify moving parts, pivot points, threaded shafts (e.g., blade tensioning screws, table elevation screws), and bearing points.
3. Clean Before Lubricating: Ensure the areas to be lubricated are clean and free of dust or grime. Old grease should be removed before applying new.
4. Apply Lubricant: Oil: Apply a small drop or two of machine oil to pivot points, screw threads, and sliding mechanisms. Wipe off excess.
Grease: Apply grease to designated grease fittings (if present) using a grease gun, or manually to open bearings and gears. * Dry Lubricants: Spray silicone on sliding tables or apply a thin coat of paste wax to cast iron surfaces to reduce friction and prevent rust.
5. Operate Manually: After lubrication, manually operate the part (e.g., turn a handwheel, slide a fence) to distribute the lubricant.
6. Wipe Excess: Wipe off any excess lubricant to prevent it from attracting sawdust. This section provides a detailed explanation of selected woodwork machines, their major parts, and the principles of machine maintenance, specifically cleaning and lubrication. A. Selected Woodwork Machines and their Parts For each machine, the teacher should aim to have visual aids (diagrams, posters, or actual machines if available in the workshop) to facilitate identification.
1. Band Saw Function: Used for cutting curved or irregular shapes, as well as straight cuts (ripping and cross-cutting) in thick timber. It employs a continuous metal band blade running on two or more wheels.
Major Parts and their Uses: Frame: The main cast iron or welded steel body that supports all other components. It provides stability and rigidity.
Upper and Lower Wheels (Pulleys): Guide and drive the band saw blade. The upper wheel usually has a tensioning mechanism.
Band Saw Blade: A continuous loop of hardened steel with teeth, used for cutting. Blades come in various widths and tooth configurations for different cutting tasks.
Blade Guides (Upper and Lower): Located above and below the worktable, these guides (often consisting of bearings or hardened blocks) support the blade, prevent it from twisting, and ensure accurate cutting.
Blade Tensioning Device: A mechanism, usually on the upper wheel, that allows the blade to be tightened or loosened. Proper tension is critical for accurate cuts and blade safety.
Blade Tracking Adjustment: Allows the operator to adjust the tilt of the upper wheel to ensure the blade runs centrally on the wheels.
Worktable: A flat, cast iron or steel surface where the workpiece rests during cutting. It can usually be tilted for angled cuts.
Rip Fence: A guide attached to the table, used for making straight cuts parallel to the blade.
Mitre Gauge Slot: A groove on the table that accommodates a mitre gauge for making accurate angled cross-cuts.
Motor: Provides power to drive the wheels and, consequently, the blade.
On/Off Switch: Controls the power supply to the machine. Often includes an emergency stop button.
2. Jig Saw (Scroll Saw - referring to the stationary workshop machine)
Function: Primarily used for intricate curved cuts, internal cuts, and fine detailed work in relatively thin wood, plastic, or light metals. It uses a thin, reciprocating blade.
Major Parts and their Uses: Frame/Body: The main structure supporting all components. Often C-shaped.
Worktable: A flat surface where the workpiece rests. Can be tilted for bevel cuts.
Blade: A very thin, short, and narrow blade that moves up and down rapidly to cut. Different blades are available for various materials and levels of intricacy.
Blade Clamps (Upper and Lower): Securely hold the top and bottom of the blade in place.
Blade Tensioning Lever/Knob: Adjusts the tension of the blade. Correct tension prevents blade breakage and ensures smooth cuts.
Hold-down Foot/Arm: A spring-loaded device that presses down on the workpiece, preventing it from vibrating or lifting with the blade's upward stroke.
Dust Blower (often integrated): Directs a stream of air at the cutting line to clear sawdust and improve visibility.
Speed Control: Allows adjustment of the blade's reciprocating speed, important for different materials and cut types.
Motor: Powers the reciprocating action of the blade.
3. Sander (e.g., Disc Sander or Combination Disc/Belt Sander)
Function: Used for smoothing surfaces, shaping edges, and removing material from wood. Major Parts and their Uses (Focus on Combination Disc/Belt Sander): Frame/Base: The main body providing stability and supporting the motor and sanding units.
Motor: Drives the sanding disc and/or belt.
Sanding Disc: A circular abrasive paper attached to a rotating plate, used for sanding flat surfaces and outside curves.
Disc Worktable: A small table in front of the sanding disc where the workpiece rests. Can often be tilted for bevel sanding.
Belt Sander Unit: Consists of an abrasive belt running over two drums (a drive drum and an idler drum). Used for sanding flat surfaces, edges, and inside curves (with the belt in vertical position).
Belt Tension Lever: Allows the user to tension the sanding belt. * Belt Tracking Knob: Adjusts A circular abrasive paper attached to a rotating plate, used for sanding flat surfaces and outside curves.
Disc Worktable: A small table in front of the sanding disc where the workpiece rests. Can often be tilted for bevel sanding.
Belt Sander Unit: Consists of an abrasive belt running over two drums (a drive drum and an idler drum). Used for sanding flat surfaces, edges, and inside curves (with the belt in vertical position).
Belt Tension Lever: Allows the user to tension the sanding belt.
Belt Tracking Knob: Adjusts the alignment of the belt on the drums to prevent it from running off.
Dust Collection Port: Connects to a dust extractor or vacuum cleaner to remove sawdust generated during sanding.
On/Off Switch: Controls power to the machine.
4. Tenoner (Single-End Tenoner)
Function: A specialized machine used for cutting tenons on the ends of workpieces. Tenons are projections shaped to fit into mortises to form strong joints (mortise and tenon joints).
Major Parts and their Uses: Worktable/Carriage: A sliding table or carriage that holds and moves the workpiece past the cutting heads. It ensures precise and repeatable cuts.
Clamping Device: Secures the workpiece firmly onto the carriage to prevent movement during machining. This can be manual or pneumatic.
Cutter Heads/Spindles: Shoulder Cutters: Horizontal cutter heads that cut the shoulders of the tenon. There are usually upper and lower shoulder cutters.
Cheek Cutters: Vertical cutter heads (often saw blades or routing heads) that remove material to form the cheeks (thickness) of the tenon.
Haunching Cutter (optional): A small cutter to create a haunch on the tenon.
Adjustments/Controls: Handwheels and levers for precisely adjusting the position and depth of cut for each cutter head, as well as the length of the tenon.
Fence: Guides the workpiece on the carriage for accurate positioning.
Motor(s): Each cutter head typically has its own motor for independent operation and power.
Control Panel: Houses the main on/off switches, emergency stop, and controls for cutter head engagement and carriage movement.
B. Machine Maintenance: Cleaning and Lubrication Proper maintenance is critical for extending machine lifespan, ensuring safety, maintaining accuracy, and optimizing performance.
1. Cleaning Purpose: Removes sawdust, wood chips, resin buildup, and general grime that can hinder machine operation, cause wear, or pose fire hazards.
Tools: Dust brush/Paint brush: For sweeping away loose sawdust from tables, frames, and motors.
Vacuum cleaner/Dust extractor: Highly effective for removing large quantities of sawdust and fine dust.
Compressed air (with caution): Useful for blowing dust out of crevices, but should be used carefully as it can blow dust into motor windings or sensitive components, and create airborne dust. Always wear eye protection.
Scrapers/Putty knives: For removing hardened resin or glue buildup from machine tables, fences, and guides.
Solvents/Cleaners: Mineral spirits or specific resin removers: For dissolving resin and pitch from blades, cutter heads, and machine surfaces.
Mild detergent solution: For general cleaning of painted surfaces.
Procedure (General Steps):
1. DISCONNECT POWER: ALWAYS unplug the machine from the power source or turn off the main breaker before starting any cleaning. This is a crucial safety step.
2. Remove Loose Debris: Use a brush or vacuum cleaner to remove all loose sawdust and wood chips from the machine table, guides, fences, and around the motor.
3. Clean Blades/Cutters: If applicable, remove blades or cutter heads (if safe and accessible) and clean them with a resin remover or mineral spirits to remove pitch buildup. This improves cutting performance and extends blade life.
4. Clean Machine Surfaces: Wipe down tables, fences, and painted surfaces with a cloth dampened with a mild cleaner or solvent (e.g., mineral spirits for resin). Ensure cast iron tables are dried immediately after cleaning to prevent rust.
5. Clean Internal Components (if accessible): For machines like band saws, open the wheel covers and clean accumulated sawdust from inside the cabinet. Use a vacuum or brush.
6. Reassemble and Inspect: Ensure all covers, guards, and blades are correctly reinstalled. Inspect for any damage or worn parts.
2. Lubrication * Purpose: Phase 1: Introduction and Identification (20 minutes)
Teacher Activity: Begins by stating the topic and reviewing the importance of woodwork machines in modern carpentry and furniture making in Nigeria. Presents visual aids (diagrams, posters, or actual machines if available in the workshop) of the band saw, jig saw (scroll saw), sander, and tenoner. Points to major parts of each machine one by one, clearly naming them. Asks guiding questions to prompt students to identify parts based on prior knowledge or observation.
Student Activity: Listen attentively and observe the machines/diagrams. Identify parts as pointed out by the teacher. Attempt to name parts when prompted. Take notes on machine names and major components.
Phase 2: Explaining Uses of Machine Parts (30 minutes)
Teacher Activity: For each machine part identified, the teacher explains its specific function and importance. Provides practical examples of how each part contributes to the machine's overall operation and safety. Encourages students to ask questions for clarification. May demonstrate the movement or adjustment of a part if using an actual machine (e.g., tilting a table, adjusting blade tension).
Student Activity: Listen carefully to explanations of part uses. Ask questions for better understanding. Relate the function of parts to how they imagine the machine operates. Update their notes with the uses of each machine part.
Phase 3: Cleaning and Lubrication Demonstration & Practice (40 minutes)
Teacher Activity: Explains the importance of routine cleaning and lubrication for machine longevity, safety, and performance. Demonstrates the step-by-step process of cleaning a selected machine (e.g., a band saw or sander) using appropriate tools (brushes, vacuum, solvent, rags). Emphasize safety (disconnecting power). Demonstrates the lubrication process, identifying lubrication points and applying appropriate lubricants (e.g., oiling threaded rods, applying paste wax to a table). Guides students to identify suitable tools and materials for cleaning and lubrication. Divides students into small groups (if workshop allows) for hands-on practice under strict supervision, focusing on one or two machines.
Student Activity: Observe the cleaning and lubrication demonstration, noting safety precautions. Participate in discussions about cleaning tools and lubricants. In groups, practically apply cleaning techniques to assigned machine parts, under teacher supervision. Practice identifying lubrication points and applying lubricants (e.g., oiling a handwheel shaft). Document the steps and materials used in their notes.
Phase 4: Review and Assessment (10 minutes)
Teacher Activity: Conducts a quick Q&A session to check understanding of machine parts, their uses, and maintenance procedures. Assigns homework/independent practice questions.
Student Activity: Respond to review questions. Ask any lingering questions. Prepare for independent practice.
Furniture Manufacturing and Carpentry: In Nigeria, from small street-side carpentry workshops to large-scale furniture factories (e.g., those producing office furniture in Lagos or residential furniture in Aba), these machines are indispensable. Students who master their operation and maintenance will be highly sought after as skilled workers or can establish their own businesses. For instance, a skilled tenoner operator can efficiently produce strong joints for doors, windows, and chairs, enhancing productivity and product quality.
Construction Industry: Woodwork machines are used on construction sites or in prefabrication workshops to cut and shape timber for various structural components like roof trusses, door frames, and formwork for concrete. Proper maintenance ensures that these machines are reliable, reducing downtime on projects and ensuring worker safety. Understanding machine parts helps in quick troubleshooting if a machine breaks down, a common challenge in remote construction sites.
Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment: The knowledge of operating and maintaining these machines empowers individuals to start their own woodworking businesses. This could range from custom furniture design and production to offering specialized cutting services (e.g., intricate cuts using a band saw or scroll saw) to other carpenters or craftspeople. This directly contributes to economic development and job creation within local communities in Nigeria.