Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - JHS 2

Lesson Video

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Performance objectives

• Explain the link between science and technology.
• Discuss technological advancements and their impact on Ghana.
• Describe the role of innovation in solving local problems.
• Evaluate the benefits and challenges of technology in Ghana.

Lesson summary

Science and Industry explains how scientific knowledge is used to create technology, improve production, and solve problems in society. In Ghana, this relationship affects our daily lives through mobile phones, improved farming methods, medicines, mining, electricity generation, food processing, and transportation. It also affects the environment—for example, plastic waste, smoke from factories, illegal mining (galamsey), and e-waste at Agbogbloshie. This lesson helps learners examine the relationship among science, technology and innovation and discuss how technological advancement impacts the Ghanaian environment.

Lesson notes

2.1 Meaning of Key Terms (a) Science Science is the systematic study of the natural world using observation, measurement, experiments, and evidence to explain how things work. Example: Studying how bacteria cause disease and how soap removes germs. (b) Technology Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to create tools, machines, processes, and systems that solve problems or make work easier. Example: Using knowledge of electricity to design a mobile phone charger or solar panel system. (c) Industry Industry refers to large-scale production of goods and services, often using machines, technology, and organised labour. Examples in Ghana: Cocoa processing (e.g., Cocoa Processing Company) Cement production Textile production Mining and quarrying Food and beverage industries (d) Innovation Innovation is the introduction of new or improved ideas, products, or methods that create value (solve problems better, cheaper, faster, safer). Example: A Ghanaian entrepreneur designing a solar-powered irrigation pump for dry-season farming.

2.2 Interrelationship Among Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)

Think of STI as a cycle: Science discovers/ explains Scientists investigate a problem and generate knowledge. Example: Understanding how microorganisms spoil food. Technology applies Engineers/technologists use scientific knowledge to create tools or processes. Example: Designing refrigerators and pasteurisation methods. Innovation improves and spreads People improve the technology or use it in new ways to meet needs. Example: Creating solar-powered cold rooms for fish sellers at coastal communities. Industry produces at scale Industries manufacture and distribute the innovation widely. Example: Companies producing and selling fridges, freezers, or cold storage services. New problems arise → science investigates again Example: Increased plastic packaging leads to pollution → science studies biodegradable alternatives.

Key idea: Science = knowledge Technology = application Innovation = improvement/new use Industry = large-scale production and services

Evaluation guide

• Explain the interrelationship of science and technology and
• innovation.
• Discuss technological advancements in the world and its impact on
• the Ghanaian environment. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving (CP),

Reference guide

• ,
• how it could be produced (industry),
• expected environmental benefits and possible risks.
• This lesson directly addresses Indicator B8.5.3.1.1 by examining the interrelationship of science, technology and innovation and discussing technological advancements and their impact on Ghana’s environment, while building critical thinking, communication, creativity, and digital literacy.