Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - JHS 3
MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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Subject: Science
Class: JHS 3
Term: 1st Term
Week: 1
Grade code: B9.1.1.1.1
Strand code: 1
Sub-strand code: 1
Content standard code: B9.1.1.1
Indicator code: B9.1.1.1.1
Theme: DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Subtheme: MATERIALS
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In our homes, schools and communities in Ghana, we use many substances every day—water for drinking, table salt for cooking, soap for washing, vinegar for food, fertilisers for farming, and marble in buildings. Some of these substances are chemical compounds made from two different elements. Such compounds are called binary chemical compounds. Being able to identify and name binary chemical compounds helps learners to: understand labels on products (e.g., “sodium chloride” on salt packages), use chemicals safely (e.g., fuels, cleaning agents), connect science to agriculture, health and industry in Ghana.
2.1 Matter, Elements and Compounds (Quick Revision) Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space (e.g., water, air, stone). Element: a pure substance made of only one type of atom (e.g., oxygen O, sodium Na, chlorine Cl). Compound: a pure substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio (e.g., water H₂O). 2.2 Meaning of “Binary Chemical Compound” A binary chemical compound is a compound made from exactly two different elements only.
Examples: Water (H₂O) → elements: hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) → binary Table salt (NaCl) → elements: sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) → binary Carbon dioxide (CO₂) → elements: carbon (C) and oxygen (O) → binary
Non-examples (NOT binary): Vinegar is mainly ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) mixed with water. Ethanoic acid contains C, H, O (three elements) → not binary. Soap/detergents are mixtures of many compounds; many contain more than two elements → usually not binary. Fertilisers often contain compounds with 3 or more elements (e.g., ammonium sulphate (NH₄)₂SO₄ has N, H, S, O) → not binary.
> Important: Some “materials” we see are mixtures (e.g., air, vinegar, many detergents). A mixture is not a single compound.