Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - SHS 1
PROBABILITY/CHANCE
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PROBABILITY/CHANCE
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Subject: Mathematics
Class: SHS 1
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 19
Grade code: 1.4.2.LI.2
Strand code: 4
Sub-strand code: 2
Content standard code: 1.4.2.CS.1
Indicator code: 1.4.2.LI.2
Theme: MAKING SENSE OF AND USING DATA
Subtheme: PROBABILITY/CHANCE
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This lesson introduces the concept of independent events in probability. We will learn how to determine if events affect each other and how to calculate the probability of them happening together. Probability is not just for the classroom; we see it everywhere in Ghana. From the weather forecast by the Ghana Meteorological Agency predicting the chance of rain, to a farmer estimating the chance of a good harvest, or even in popular games like *Ludo*, understanding probability helps us make smarter decisions in a world full of uncertainty. This lesson provides the foundation for calculating the chances of multiple events occurring.
A. What are Independent Events? In probability, two events are independent if the outcome of one event does not influence or affect the outcome of the other event.
Think about it this way: Tossing a one-cedi coin and it landing on 'Heads'. Rolling a standard die and getting a '6'.
Does the result of the coin toss have any effect on what number the die will show? No, it does not. The two events are completely separate. They are independent.
Key Examples of Independent Events: With Replacement: Imagine a bag with different coloured pens. You pick one pen, note its colour, and put it back in the bag before picking a second one. Because you returned the first pen, the conditions for the second pick are exactly the same as they were for the first. The events are independent. Separate Occurrences: The winner of the Accra Milo Marathon has no effect on the winner of the National Science and Maths Quiz. Random Selection from a Large Population: If we randomly select a student from Accra and find they support Accra Hearts of Oak, it doesn't change the probability that the next randomly selected student from Kumasi supports Asante Kotoko. B. The Multiplication Rule for Independent Events This is the most important formula for this topic. If you have two independent events, Event A and Event B, the probability of both events happening is found by multiplying their individual probabilities.