Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - SHS 2
EQUILIBRIA
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EQUILIBRIA
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Subject: Chemistry
Class: SHS 2
Term: 1st Term
Week: 19
Grade code: 2.1.2.LI.2
Strand code: 1
Sub-strand code: 2
Content standard code: 2.1.2.CS.2
Indicator code: 2.1.2.LI.2
Theme: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Subtheme: EQUILIBRIA
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Welcome, learners! Today, we begin our journey into the topic of Chemical Equilibria by first mastering its essential building blocks: acids and bases. You encounter acids and bases every day. The sour taste of an unripe mango, the sharp smell of vinegar, the slippery feel of `alata samina` (local black soap), and even the relief you get from an antacid after eating too much spicy `kenkey` are all due to the properties of acids and bases. Understanding these properties is not just for passing exams; it is crucial for agriculture, health, and industry here in Ghana.
This section covers the core knowledge you need to master the properties of acids and bases. 2.1 What are Acids and Bases?
For our current level, we can use a simple definition: Acid: A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. For example, when Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves in water, it releases H⁺ ions. *Examples:* Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid (H₂SO₄), Ethanoic acid (in vinegar, CH₃COOH), Citric acid (in lemons, oranges, and `alasa`). Base: A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water. A base that is soluble in water is called an alkali. *Examples:* Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), Ammonia solution (NH₃(aq)). The ash from burnt plantain peels contains potassium carbonate, which is a base. 2.2 Physical Properties of Acids and Bases
These are properties you can observe without changing the chemical identity of the substance.
SAFETY FIRST! In the chemistry laboratory, you must never taste or touch unknown chemicals. These properties are for general knowledge.