Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - SHS 3
≈SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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≈SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
Download the Lessonotes Mobile Ghana app for faster lesson access on Android and iPhone.
Subject: Applied Technology
Class: SHS 3
Term: 1st Term
Week: 17
Grade code: 3.3.2.LI.6
Strand code: 3
Sub-strand code: 3
Content standard code: 3.3.2.CS.1
Indicator code: 3.3.2.LI.6
Theme: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Subtheme: ≈SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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In Ghana, we are very familiar with the rainy season. While the rain is essential for farming, it can cause major problems for our buildings and communities if not managed properly. We often see flooded compounds, muddy paths, and even serious damage to houses in areas like Accra, Kumasi, and Takoradi. This lesson focuses on Surface Drainage Systems, which are the engineered solutions we use in building construction to control rainwater. A good drainage system is crucial for protecting the foundation (substructure) of a building, ensuring its long-term stability, and maintaining a safe and healthy living environment.
A. What is a Surface Drainage System?
A Surface Drainage System is a network of structures, channels, and pipes designed to collect excess water from the surface of the ground (like rainwater or runoff) and safely carry it away from a building, compound, or site.
The main goal is to prevent water from "ponding" (collecting in pools) or soaking into the ground near the building's foundation. The foundation is the most critical part of the substructure, and keeping it dry is essential for the strength and safety of the entire building (the superstructure). B. Benefits and Importance of Surface Drainage Systems
Proper drainage is not a luxury; it is a necessity. Here are its key benefits: Protects the Building Foundation (Substructure): Waterlogged soil around a foundation loses its strength and can no longer support the building's weight properly. This can lead to differential settlement, where parts of the foundation sink, causing large, dangerous cracks to appear in the walls of the superstructure. It also prevents water from seeping into basements or ground floors, which causes dampness, mould, and damage to property. Prevents Soil Erosion: Uncontrolled, fast-flowing water can wash away topsoil, landscaping, and gardens around a house. In severe cases, erosion can undermine driveways, walkways, and even the foundation itself, exposing it to damage. Ensures Health and Safety: Stagnant water is a perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes, which transmit malaria—a major health concern in Ghana. A well-drained compound is safe to walk on, preventing slips and falls on muddy or waterlogged surfaces. In urban areas, it prevents the overflow of contaminated water onto streets, reducing the risk of diseases like cholera. Protects Pavements and Infrastructure: Water that sits on or seeps under roads, driveways, and footpaths can weaken the base material, leading to potholes and cracks. Good drainage extends the life of these surfaces. C. Types of Surface Drainage Systems