Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v5 - Grade 4

Lesson Video

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Performance objectives

• Read time on analogue and digital clocks.
• Convert between units of time (seconds, minutes, hours).
• Use a calendar to find dates and days.
• Solve word problems about time.

Lesson summary

Time and calendars are fundamental to how we organize our lives. Knowing how to tell time and understand calendars allows us to plan our days, weeks, and months effectively. In South Africa, we rely on time to get to school on time, catch the taxi, plan family celebrations like Heritage Day or Christmas, and even know when the next school holiday is! Without a good understanding of time and calendars, it becomes difficult to manage our daily routines and participate fully in our communities. This week, we will deepen our understanding of reading time on analogue and digital clocks, converting between units of time, and using calendars to determine dates and plan events.

Lesson notes

2.1 Reading Analogue Clocks An analogue clock has a face with numbers 1 to 12 and two hands: a short hand (the hour hand) and a long hand (the minute hand). The hour hand points to the hour, and the minute hand points to the minutes.

The Hour Hand: The hour hand moves slowly around the clock face, taking 12 hours to complete one full circle. It indicates the current hour. If the hour hand is between two numbers, it means we are past the earlier hour but not yet at the next hour.

The Minute Hand: The minute hand moves faster, taking 60 minutes to complete one full circle. Each number on the clock face represents 5 minutes (1 represents 5 minutes, 2 represents 10 minutes, 3 represents 15 minutes, and so on). When the minute hand points directly to a number, multiply that number by 5 to find the number of minutes past the hour. If the minute hand is between numbers, you need to count the individual minutes past the previous number.

Example 1: The hour hand is a little past the number 3, and the minute hand is pointing at the number

6. What time is it?

Hour: The hour hand is past 3, so it's 3 o'clock.

Minutes: The minute hand is pointing at 6. 6 multiplied by 5 is

3

0. Time: It is 3:30 (thirty minutes past three) or half past three.

Example 2: The hour hand is almost at the number 8, and the minute hand is pointing to the

1

1. What time is it?

Hour: The hour hand is almost at 8, but has not reached it yet, so it's still 7 o'clock.

Minutes: The minute hand is pointing at 11. 11 multiplied by 5 is

5

5. Time: It is 7:55 (fifty-five minutes past seven). 2.2 Reading Digital Clocks A digital clock displays the time using numbers, separated by a colon (:). The numbers to the left of the colon represent the hours, and the numbers to the right represent the minutes. 12-Hour Format: The 12-hour format uses "a.m." (ante meridiem) for times before noon and "p.m." (post meridiem) for times after noon. For example, 3:00 a.m. is in the early morning, and 3:00 p.m. is in the afternoon. 24-Hour Format: The 24-hour format counts the hours from 00:00 (midnight) to 23:59 (one minute before midnight). In this format, 1:00 p.m. is represented as 13:00, 2:00 p.m. as 14:00, and so on. To convert from 12-hour p.m. to 24-hour format, add 12 to the hour. Times in the a.m. are the same in both formats.

Example 3: What time is 6:45 p.m. in 24-hour format?

Add 12 to the hour: 6 + 12 = 18 The time in 24-hour format is 18:

4

5. Example 4: What time is 09:15 in 12-hour format? Since the hour is less than 12, it is an a.m. time.

The time in 12-hour format is 9:15 a.m. 2.3 Converting Units of Time Understanding how to convert between different units of time is crucial for solving time-related problems. 1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 day = 24 hours 1 week = 7 days 1 month = Approximately 30 days (some have 31, February has 28 or 29) 1 year = 365 days (366 in a leap year) 1 year = 12 months Example 5: How many minutes are there in 3 hours? 1 hour = 60 minutes 3 hours = 3 60 minutes = 180 minutes Example 6: How many days are there in 4 weeks? 1 week = 7 days 4 weeks = 4 7 days = 28 days Example 7: A movie is 2 hours and 15 minutes long. How many minutes is that?

Convert hours to minutes: 2 hours 60 minutes/hour = 120 minutes Add the remaining minutes: 120 minutes + 15 minutes = 135 minutes 2.4 Using a Calendar A calendar shows the days, weeks, and months of a year. We use calendars to plan appointments, schedule events, and determine the number of days between dates. To find the day of the week for a given date, locate the date on the calendar and look at the top of the column to see the corresponding day. To calculate the number of days between two dates, count the number of days from the first date to the second date, including the end date.

Example 8: What day of the week is the 25th of December in 2024? (Check a 2024 calendar – December 25, 2024 is a Wednesday). The 25th of December 2024 is a Wednesday.

Example 9: How many days are there between the 10th of March and the 20th of March?

Count the days: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

2

0. There are 11 days between the 10th of March and the 20th of March. Guided Practice (With Solutions)

Question 1: What time is shown on the analogue clock if the hour hand is a little past 9 and the minute hand is on 3?

Solution: The hour hand is past 9, so it is 9 o'clock. The minute hand is on 3, which represents 3 5 = 15 minutes.

Therefore, the time is 9:

1

5. Question 2: Convert 15:30 to 12-hour format.

Solution: Since the hour is greater than 12, it is a p.m. time.

Subtract 12 from the hour: 15 - 12 =

3. Therefore, the time is 3:30 p.m.

Question 3: How many seconds are there in 5 minutes?

Solution: 1 minute = 60 seconds 5 minutes = 5 60 seconds = 300 seconds Question 4: Using a calendar, determine how many Saturdays are there in the month of November

2

0

2

4. Solution: (Learners will need a calendar of November 2024 to answer.